美国401K账户入门 [2022年Enrollment]

上一篇原创介绍了什么是Alternative Minimum Tax,里面提到,多存401k是防止hit AMT的方法之一,因为放入401k的钱是无论如何也不会立即收税的。这篇转载给大家介绍一下401k账户的基本知识。

也许你刚参加工作,公司为你建立了401k账户。你也常常听到周围的人说起401k账户。可你还搞不清401k究竟是什么,对你有什么影响。这篇文章就将向您解释有关401k账户的基本知识及投资策略。

1. 什么是401k账户?

401k账户是一种退休投资账户。基本原理就是你年轻的时候往账户里面存钱投资各种基金及股票,退休后取出来用。

许多公司把401k作为一种福利,match你工资收入的一定百分比。比方说,公司的政策是dollar for dollar match up to 5%。也就是说你每存一美元进去,公司也出一美元存进你的账户,直到存满你工资的5%。之后你再存钱进去, 公司就不再match了。所以如果你一年内contribute 5%, 你的账户里实际有了你工资的10%。但须注意有的公司帮你存的钱可能不是fully vested。公司的contribution虽然在你的账户里显示,但还不真正属于你。如果你公司的规定是4年vested而你在第二年便离开公司,你只获得你自己的contribution加上公司contribution的25%。

401k

2. 应该放多少钱进401k账户

你应该存至少你的雇主所match的工资的百分比。 如果收入很高的话,可以maximize contribution,也就是存到IRS规定的最高数额。

因为公司给match的那部分钱等于是白送,不拿白不拿。假设你公司match 5%,而你的工资是10万。如果你只contribute 3%,你等于白白丢掉了$2000。

那存满公司match的百分比之后呢?你或许听说过401k有避税功能,是不是存得越多越好呢?现在让我们来看看401k是怎么省税的。

a. 降低tax bracket: 把钱存进401k可以降低当前的taxable income。 如果存得足够多,你可以此降低自己的tax bracket。

b. 延迟交税:存进401k账户里的钱并不是不交税,而是推迟交税,取钱时再交税。这样做的好处有两重:一是投资收益能够不受税率影响地利滚利。假设现有1000块,平均每年投资回报率是10%,税率是30%。30年后就是10001.1^3070% = 12214。如果没有推迟交税的优惠政策,30年后这1000块只变为1000*1.07^30 = 7612。当然这个例子有些夸大,因为很少有人能够达到30%的tax bracket。你应根据自己的实际税率来计算。二是如果将来的税率比现在的税率低,这1000元的本金所交的税会比现在少。

现在让我们来分析一下怎样决定放多少钱进401K:

首先,考虑自己的实际需要。你也许很想通过401k来降低当前的taxable income。但要知道,存进401k里的钱要到59岁半之后才能取出来。提前取除了补交税以外,还要付10%的罚款。所以一定要考虑清楚将来可能的花费,例如买房,小孩上学,意外失业等。

其次,比较401k同其他投资的收益。401k里可供选择的基金有限,每个公司提供选择的基金也不一样。有时你会发现,401k里的投资基金不如市面上的一些投资基金好。这样即使401k在税收上有些优势,但如果投资效益不好,又不能随便取出来,也不见得划算。

再次,401k避税优势一部分是建立在退休时的税率比现在低的假设下的。但这个假设并不一定成立。我们辛苦工作,努力赚钱投资,就是为了退休后能过上不错的生活。你并不希望你退休时每年只有两万块的收入或生活水平比现在下降,那为什么会假设退休时的taxable income比现在低呢。

最后,如果你经过慎重考虑,仍然决定maximize contribution,那么请记住政府对于退休账户的投入有一定限制。在2020年个人最多能存$19,500。同时你的雇主还可能规定你的401k contribution不能超过一定的工资百分比(10%)。

401k

3. 401k里的钱应怎样投资

现在终于进入正题了。在这节里,我将给出非常实用的建议。

Rule NO 1:Diversification

我经常听到周围有人说,反正我们还年轻,不需要diversification。应该把钱放在最aggressive的fund里面,高风险,高回报。一旦亏了,有足够的时间来recover。我并不同意这样的做法。无论你年纪几何,任何时候,你都不想亏钱。何况,从长期来看,一只大起大落的基金,平均回报率并不一定比一支有适当稳定回报率的基金要高。那些把所有钱放到最aggressive的fund里去的人,相信在2008年末的经济危机中已经尝到了苦果。虽说现在涨回来很多,但要知道由于本金变少,原来如果下跌50%,现在需要涨100%才能回到过去的水平。我还有朋友在房地产上涨的那几年,把所有钱放到REITS里,估计好几年也涨不回来了。当然你也可以举例有人就找到了一只特别好的基金,所有钱全放里面,好多年了一直赚钱。那么我要说这是在speculation,而不是investment。我并不否认speculation也有可能赚钱,就好像不否认有人去Las Vegas赢了钱回来一样。问题是概率。赌博胜出的概率是远小于正常投资赚取适当回报的概率的。

Buffet的老师Graham在他的The Intelligent Investor里说得好,在任何时候,都不要让你的portfolio里的stocks或bonds超过75%。换句话说,就是stocks和bonds的最大allocation是75%/25%。当你有充足的理由认为这段时间股票比bond好,可以hold 75%的股票。当你有充足的理由认为现在bond比股票较好,hold 75% bond。如果不知道哪个更好,hold 50%/50%。

Rule NO 2:Buy the funds with cheapest fees

401k的投资选项主要是一些mutual fund。你在研究一个基金时,一定要注意它的expense ratio。要知道不管你的基金是在赚钱还是亏钱,这些management fees都要从你的基金里扣除。有许多actively managed funds,费用很高。你可能会想,如果一只基金的回报优于其它基金,收费高一些也没关系。问题是你是没有办法知道一只基金是否优于另一只基金的,估计连这两个基金的投资经理也不知道。某只基金可能在某一年或某几年的回报高于其他基金,但过去的experience不能代表将来,长期来讲谁也说不定。唯一可以确定的是你将会被征收的费用。所以在不能确定两只基金孰优孰劣时,我就买expense ratio最低的。

Funds

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Rule NO 3: Buy index funds

Index fund顾名思义,也就是这类基金通过增减所持的资产来和某种指数保持一致。比如说S&P 500的index,就会持有S&P 500的公司的股票来match S&P 500 index。这种基金也被归类为passive management。相比active managed fund,他不需要做很多的分析来决定交易,交易的次数也少很多,所以费用就相对便宜。它的原理在于,长期的统计数据证明,98% active managed的基金都没有办法超越大盘的回报。那么为什么要费心挑选股票呢,只要建立一个能match市场的portfolio就好了。

有人会问,那市场跌的时候怎么办,这些fund铁定是跌了。同样,我们没有慧眼能找到那只在熊市逆势增长的资金。在2008年底market crash的时候,我察看了我自己的401k账户和Vanguard的投资基金,发现除了treasury bond,其他没有一只基金的回报不是负数。而且下跌程度比起相应的指数基金来说是只多不少。

对付熊市的唯一方法就是分散投资。可以买一些S&P500的指数,bond的指数,emerging market的指数。

Rule NO 4: Avoid life cycled funds

Vanguard的 Target Retirement 2045就属于life cycled fund。这类基金也叫做fund of funds。它并不直接购买股票或债券。而是持有其他mutual funds作为资产。投资策略是根据你的退休时间来决定的。随着时间的推进,策略将会越来越趋于保守,会不断调整所持基金的百分比。同时,如果买这种基金,理论上就不应再买其它基金。因为一旦买入其它基金,就破坏了计算好的asset allocation百分比。

这类基金的实质就是基金经理帮投资者作了asset allocation决定。投资者失去了很多自由度。只能投资基金经理选定的基金。我前面讲过,我并不认为投资策略应该根据一个人的年龄或是退休时间来决定。同样年纪的两个人,因为他们各自的收入,存款,花销都不一样,怎么可能采用相同的asset allocation?很多人是乐于把这个asset allocation的事交给基金经理的。因为方便,省事。怎么说人家是专家啊。选定的基金一定比我们的合理。那么我这样说,同是target retirement 2045的基金,Vanguard和Fidelity的投资策略就有很大不同。那我们应该相信哪一个专家呢?所以说自己的投资,自己打理,自己做主。

再者,这类基金也分为passive managed和active managed两种。如果是active managed,你会发现它的expense ratio 较高。根据前面的Rule No2,也应尽量避免这类基金。

继续阅读《普通美国人一年交多少税》

继续阅读《solo 401k开户和简介》

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美国401K账户入门 [2022年Enrollment]

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美国401K账户入门 [2022年Enrollment]

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